1. Introduction: Population as a Social, Media and Cultural Concept Part 1: Population, Identity and Governance in Public Debates and (Inter)national Policy 2. Fertility Promotion, Power and Contemporary Eugenics 3. Crowded Concepts and the Politics of the Big Nation 4. Population and Identity Part 2: Popular Culture, Population Size and the Composition of Peoples 5. Overpopulation in Visual Representation 6. Underpopulation and Apocalyptic Narratives 7. Genetics, Population Purity and the ‘Race of Devils’ Part Three: Ethics for Belonging to a Population 8. The ‘Forgotten’ People 9. Bodies, Racialised Populations and Practices of Othering 10. Attitudes of Welcome: Ethics of Cohabitation and Sustainability