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Öchsner / Ahmed

Biomechanics of Hard Tissues

Modeling, Testing, and Materials

Medium: Buch
ISBN: 978-3-527-32431-6
Verlag: Wiley VCH Verlag GmbH
Erscheinungstermin: 02.02.2011
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This monograph assembles expert knowledge on the latest biomechanical modeling and testing of hard tissues, coupled with a concise introduction to the structural and physical properties of bone and cartilage.
A strong focus lies on the current advances in understanding bone structure and function from a materials science perspective, providing practical knowledge on how to model, simulate and predict the mechanical behavior of bone. The book presents directly applicable methods for designing and testing the performance of artificial bones and joint replacements, while addressing innovative and safe approaches to stimulated bone regeneration essential for clinical researchers.

Produkteigenschaften

  • Artikelnummer: 9783527324316
  • Medium: Buch
  • ISBN: 978-3-527-32431-6
  • Verlag: Wiley VCH Verlag GmbH
  • Erscheinungstermin: 02.02.2011
  • Sprache(n): Englisch
  • Auflage: 1. Auflage 2011
  • Produktform: Gebunden
  • Gewicht: 851 g
  • Seiten: 306
  • Format (B x H x T): 179 x 250 x 25 mm
  • Ausgabetyp: Kein, Unbekannt

Themen

Autoren/Hrsg.

Herausgeber

Öchsner, Andreas

Ahmed, Waqar

1 BONE AND CARTILAGE, ITS STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Introduction
The Structure of Living Organisms
Growth of Living Organisms
Ring-Shaped Grain Boundary
Planarity of Biological Structures
Microscopie Structure of the Bone
Growth of the Bone
Structure of the Body
Macroscopic Structure of Skeleton
Apatite in the Bone
Structure of the Bone
Microscopic Structure of the Bone
General
Osteon
Bone Innervation
Anatomy of Bone Innervation
Bone Cells
Cells
Cell Membrane
Membrane Transport
Bone Cell Types
Osteoclasts
Cellular Image - OPG/RANK/RANKL Signaling System
Osteoprotegerin
RANK/RANKL
TACE
Bone Modeling and Remodeling
Proteins and Amino Acids
Collagen and Its Properties
Molecular Structure
Geometry of Triple Helix
Polymer Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
Ideal Chain
Wormlike Chain
Architecture of Biological Fibers
Architecture of Collagen Fibers in Human Osteon
Collagen Elasticity
References
Further Reading
2 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BONE REMODELING PROCESS CONSIDERING INTERFACE TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION IN TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENTS
Introduction
Mechanical Adaptation of Bone
Constitutive Models
Bone Constitutive Model
Model of Preprosthetic Adaptation
Model of Interfacial Adaptation
Numerical Examples
Final Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
3 BONE AS A COMPOSITE MATERIAL
Introduction
Bone Phases
Organic
Mineral
Physical Structure of Bone Material
Water
Bone Phase Material Properties
Organic Matrix
Mineral Phase
Water
Elastic Modulus of Composite Materials
Bone as a Composite: Macroscopic Effects
Bone as a Composite: Microscale Effects
Bone as a Composite: Anisotropy Effects
Bone as a Composite: Implications
References
4 MECHANOBIOLOGICAL MODELS FOR BONE TISSUE. APPLICATIONS TO IMPLANT DESIGN
Introduction
Biological and Mechanobiological Factores in Bone Remodeling and Bone Fracture Healing
Bone Remodeling
Bone Fracture Healing
Phenomenological Models of Bone Remodeling
Mechanistic Models of Bone Remodeling Models to Implant Design
Models of Tissue Differentiation Application to Bone Fracture Healing
Mechanistic Models of Bone Fracture Healing Models to Implant Design
Concluding Remarks
References
5 BIOMECHANICAL TESTING OF ORTHOPEDIC IMPLANTS; ASPECTS OF TRIBOLOGY AND SIMULATION
Introduction
Tribological Testing of Orthopedic Implants
Tribological Testing of Tissue from a Living Body
Theoretical Analysis for Tribological Issues
References
6 CONSTITUTIVE MODELING OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR FOR TRABECULAR BONE - CONTINUUM MECHANICAL APPROACHES
Introduction
Summy of Elasticity Theory and Continuum Mechanics
Stress Tensor and Decomposition
Invariants
Constitutive Equations
Linear Elastic Behavior: Generalized Hooke´s Law for Isotropic Materials
Linear Elastic Behavior: Generalized Hooke´s Law for Orthotropic Materials
Linear Elastic Behaivor: Generalized Hooke´s Law for Orthotropic Materials with Cubic Structure
Linear Elastic Behaivor: Generalized Hooke´s Law for Transverse Isotropic Materials
Plastic Behavior, Failure and Limit Surface
The Structure of Trabecular Bone and Modeling Approaches
Structural Analogies: Cellular Plastics and Materials
Conclusions
References
7 MECHANICAL AND MAGNETIC STIMULATION ON CELLS FOR BONE REGENERATION
Introduction
Mechanical Stimulation on Cells
Various Mechanical Stimulations
Techniques for Applying Mechanical Loading
Mechanotransduction
Mechanical Influences on Stem Cell
Magnetic Stimulation on Cells
Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cell Stimulation
Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Magnetic Stimulation
Magnetic Pulling
Magnetic Twisting
Limitation of Using Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cell Stimulation
Magnetic Stimulation and Cell Conditioning for Tissue Regeneration
Summary
References
8 Joint Replacement Implants
Introduction
Biomaterials for Joint Replacement Implants
Joint Replacement Implants for Weight-Bearing Joints
Introduction
Hip Joint Replacement
Knee Joint Replacement
Ankle Joint Replacemen
Methods of Fication for Weight-Bearing Joint Replacement Implants
Joint Replacement Implants for Joints of the Hand and Wrist
Introduction
Finger Joint Replacement
Wrist Joint Replacement
Design of Joint Replacement Implants
Introduction
Feasibility
Design
Verification
Manufacture
Validation
Design Transfer
Design Changes
Conlusions
References
9 INTERSTITIAL FLUID MOVEMENT IN CORTICAL BONE TISSUE
Introduction
Arterial Supply
Overview of the Arterial System in Bone
Dynamics of the Arterial System
Transcortical Arterial Hemodynamics
The Arterial System in Small Animals May Be Different from That in Humans
Microvascular Network of Cortical Bone
Microvascular Network of Cortical Bone
Venous Drainage of Bone
Bone Lymphatics and Blood Vessel Trans-Wall Transport
The Levels of Bone Porosity and Their Bone Interfaces
The Vascular Porosity
The Lacunar - Canalicular Porosity
The Collagen - Hydroxyapatite Porosity
Cancellous Bone Porosity
The Interfaces between the Levels of Bone Porosity
Interstitial Fluid Flow
The Different Fluid Pressures in Long Bones (Blood Pressure, Interstitial Fluid Pressure, and Intramedullary Pressure)
Interstitial Flow and Mechanosensation
Electrokinetic Effects in Bone
The Poroelastic Model for the Cortical Bone
Interchange of Interstitial Fluid between the Vascular and Lacunar - Canalicular Porosites
Implications for the Determination of the Permeabilites
References
10 Bone Implant Design Using Optimization Methods
Introduction
Optimization Methods for Implant Desing
Cemented Stems
Uncemented Stems
Design Requirements for a Cementless Hip Stem
Implant Stability
Stress Shielding Effect
Multicriteria Formulation for Hip Stem Design
Design Variables and Geometry
Objective Function for Interface Displacement
Objective Function for Interface Stress
Objective Function for Bone Remodeling
Multicriteria Objective Function
Computational Model
Optimization Algorithm
Finite Element Model
Optimal Geometries Analysis
Optimal Geometry for Tangential Interfacial Displacement
Optimal Geometry for Normal Contact Stress
Optimal Geometry for Remodeling
Multicriteria Optimal Geometries
Long-Term Performance of Optimized Implants
Concluding Remarks
References
INDEX1 BONE AND CARTILAGE, ITS STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Introduction: Growth Conditions, Matter Geometry and Packing, Collagen, Mechanical and Electrochemical Behavior of Porous Matter and Tissues
Cartilage Matrix and Types
Cartilage Growth and Development: Fetal Development, Mineralization, Growth and Repair, Diseases
Regulation of Cartilage Activity and Streaming Potentials in Cartilage
Bones as Organs and Tissues: Functions and Types of Bones
Structure of Bone: Compact and Trabecular Tissues, Osteons and Cells, Inorganic and Organic Matrix Parts
Marrow, Endosteum and Periosteum, Nerves, Blood Vessels and Cartilage
Remodeling and its Purposes
Bone as a Composite and its Mechanics
Bone as a Capillary Porous System
Diseases of Bone
Bioengineering: Growing Artificial Cartilage and Bone
2 CONSTITUTIVE MODELLING OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF TRABECULAR BONE: CONTINUUM MECHANICAL APPROACHES
Introduction
Continuum Mechanics
Experimental Testing and Material Properties
Structure and Idealization
Modelling of Mechanical Behavior
3 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BONE REMODELING PROCESS CONSIDERING INTERFACE TISSUE DIFFERENTIATION IN TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENTS
Introduction
Bone Remodeling and Interface Models
Bone Remodeling Based on Optimality Conditions
Interface Behavior and Adaptation
Formulation for Simultaneous Bone Remodeling and Interface Adaptation
Finite Element Models and Algorithm
Numerical Results
Discussion and Concluding Remarks
4 BONE AS A COMPOSITE MATERIAL: NATURAL BONE AND BIOMIMETICS
Introduction
Phases and Volume Fractions
Individual Phase Mechanical Properties
Introduction to Composite Mechanics
Bone as a Composite: Macro-scale
Bone as a Composite: Micro-scale
Anisotropy
Implications
Conclusions
5 MECHANOBIOLOGICAL MODELS FOR BONE TISSUE. APPLICATIONS TO IMPLANT DESIGN
Introduction
Biological and Mechanobiological Factors in Bone Remodelling and Bone Fracture Healing
Phenomenological Models of Bone Remodeling
Mechanistic Models of Bone Remodeling
Examples of Application of Bone Remodeling Models to Implant Design
Models of Tissue Differentiation. Application to Bone Fracture Healing
Mechanistic Models of Bone Fracture Healing
Modelling the Influence of Some Mechanical Factors in the Course of Bone Fracture Healing
Concluding Remarks
References
6 BIOMECHANICAL TESTS FOR ORTHOPAEDIC IMPLANTS; TRIBOLOGICAL ISSUES & SIMULATION CONDITIONS
Tribological Testing for Orthopaedic Implants: Kinematic and Lubricating Condition, Oxygen Concentration
Experimental Analysis for Orthopaedic Implants
Finite Element Method Analysis for Orthopaedic Implants
7 SCAFFOLD-BASED BONE REGENERATION
Tissue Scaffolds and Their Role in Tissue Regeneration
Regenerative Properties of the Body: Processes in Bone Regeneration, Limitations
Design Considerations for a Tissue Scaffold: Materials, Architecture, Vascularization, Heterogeneous Approaches
Design Methodologies: Outer Geometry, Statistics-, Voroni- and Unit-Cell-Based Design
Scaffold Fabrication: Freeze-Drying, Salt Leaching, 3D Fabrication
Scaffold Behavior During Regeneration
8 MECHANICAL AND MAGNETIC STIMULATION ON CELLS FOR BONE REGENERATION
Introduction
Effects of Stimulation on Cells
Mechanical Stimulations on Cells
Magnetic Stimulations
Other Stimulations and Future Developments
Conclusion
9 JOINT REPLACEMENT IMPLANTS
Introduction
Design of Joint Replacement Implants: Regulations, Requirements, Concept and Detail Design, Preclinical and Clinical Testing
Joint Replacement Implants for Weight-bearing Joints: Hip, Knee, Ankle; Materials and Fixation Methods
Joint Replacement Implants for Joints of the Hand: Fingers, Wrist; Materials and Fixation Methods
10 INTERSTITIAL FLUID MOVEMENT IN CORTICAL BONE TISSUE
Introduction
Bone Interfaces, Porosities and Fluids
The Vascular Structures of Bone
The Vascular Porosity
The Lacunar Canalicular Porosity
The Poroelastic Model for Cortical Bone
Electrokinetic Effects in Bone
Interchange of Interstitial Fluid between the Vascular and Lacunar Canalicular Porosities
11 BONE IMPLANT DESIGN USING OPTIMIZATION METHODS
Introduction
Optimization